Responsive Design

Learn how to make your website adapt to different screen sizes.

1. Meta Viewport

The meta viewport ensures your website adapts to mobile screens.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

Résultat attendu :

The page automatically adjusts to the width of the user's screen, making it responsive to various devices.

2. Media Queries

Adjust styles based on screen size.

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    body {
        font-size: 14px;
    }
}
@media (min-width: 769px) {
    body {
        font-size: 18px;
    }
}

Résultat attendu :

On small screens (less than 768px), the font size is reduced to 14px. On larger screens, it is increased to 18px.

3. Flexbox

Flexbox ensures elements adjust and align dynamically.

.example {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    justify-content: space-around;
}

.item {
    padding: 1rem;
    text-align: center;
    border-radius: 5px;
}
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4. Grid Layout

Grid automatically adjusts the number of columns based on available space.

.example {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(150px, 1fr));
    gap: 20px;
}

.item {
    padding: 1rem;
    text-align: center;
    border-radius: 5px;
}
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5. Responsive Images

Images adapt to their container's width.

/* CSS for Responsive Images */
img {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
}

Résultat attendu :

Responsive Example

6. Responsive Typography

Font size adapts to screen size using media queries.

/* Responsive Typography */
body {
    font-size: 14px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    body {
        font-size: 16px;
    }
}

Résultat attendu :

Resize the browser to see the font size change.

7. Mobile-First Design

Design for smaller screens first and scale up.

/* Mobile-first */
body {
    font-size: 14px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    body {
        font-size: 16px;
    }
}

Résultat attendu :

The font size starts small and increases as the screen size grows.

8. Responsive Navigation

Navigation adjusts for small and large screens.

/* Responsive Navigation */
.nav-link {
    display: block;
    text-align: center;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
    .nav-link {
        display: inline-block;
        text-align: left;
    }
}
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9. Frameworks

Use frameworks like Bootstrap and Tailwind CSS for pre-designed responsive utilities.

Bootstrap Official Site
Tailwind CSS Official Site

10. Relative Units

Use relative units like `rem`, `em`, `%`, `vw`, and `vh` for scalability.

/* CSS for Relative Units */
.container {
    font-size: 1rem; /* Base font size */
    margin: 5%; /* 5% of the container's width */
    padding: 2rem; /* 2 times the root font size */
    width: 50%; /* Half the width of the parent */
    background-color: #f8f9fa;
    height: 50vh; /* 50% of the viewport height */
}

.small-box {
    font-size: 1em; /* Relative to the container's font size */
    padding: 1rem;
    background-color: lightblue;
    height: 20%;
    width: 80%;
    margin: auto;
}

Résultat attendu :

This container uses relative units for scalable design.

Inner Box with Relative Units

11. Viewport Units

Viewport units (`vw`, `vh`, `vmin`, `vmax`) allow elements to scale based on the size of the viewport.

/* CSS for Viewport Units */
h1 {
    font-size: 5vw; /* Font size will be 5% of the viewport width */
}

.container {
    height: 50vh; /* Height is 50% of the viewport height */
    width: 50vw; /* Width is 50% of the viewport width */
    background-color: lightcoral;
}

Résultat attendu :

Viewport Example

12. Responsive Background Images

Use `background-size: cover` or `contain` to ensure the background adapts to different screen sizes.

/* CSS for Responsive Background Images */
.container {
    background-image: url("https://via.placeholder.com/800x400");
    background-size: cover; /* Ensures the image covers the container */
    background-position: center;
    height: 300px;
    width: 100%;
}

Résultat attendu :

13. Aspect Ratio

Maintain the aspect ratio of elements using the `aspect-ratio` property.

/* CSS for Aspect Ratio */
.container {
    aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; /* Maintain a 16:9 aspect ratio */
    background-color: lightblue;
}

Résultat attendu :

14. Responsive Containers

Use percentage-based widths or `max-width` for responsive containers.

/* CSS for Responsive Containers */
.container {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto; /* Center the container */
    padding: 20px;
    background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

Résultat attendu :

Responsive container with max width.

15. CSS Grid Auto-fit

Use `auto-fit` in CSS Grid to create responsive grids that adapt to available space.

/* CSS for Grid Auto-fit */
.grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
    gap: 20px;
}

.item {
    padding: 1rem;
    background-color: lightgreen;
    text-align: center;
    border: 1px solid #ccc;
    border-radius: 5px;
}

Résultat attendu :

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Additional Resources